Abstract: This first-ever Afghanistan Cannabis Survey is based on survey data from 1,634 villages in 20 provinces. It shows that there is large-scale cannabis cultivation in exactly half (17 out of 34) of Afghanistan's provinces. This report shows that Afghanistan's drug problem is even more complex than just the opium trade. Reducing Afghanistan's cannabis supply should be dealt with more seriously, as part of the national drug control strategy. As with opium, the bottom line is to improve security and development in drug-producing regions in order to wean farmers off of illicit crops and into sustainable, licit livelihoods, and to deny insurgents another source of illicit income.